Calorimeter



Dec. 1 1925- 1,563,652

G. E. SCHOLES GALORIMETER Filed March 25, 192,5 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 zwem-oz.- Geoeea E Swans G. E. SCHOLES CALORIMETER Dec. 1, 1925. '1,563,662

Filed March 25. 1925 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Dec. 1, 1925- 1,563,662

G. E. SCHOLES CLORIMETER Patented Dec. 1, 1925.`

GEORGE ERNEST SCHOTT'ES, OF BIRKENHEAD, ENGLAND.

CALORIMETER.

Application inea March 2s, 1925. serial No. 177,830.

To ZZ 'zc/10mv t may concern.'

llc it known that Gauner. FrnNi-:s'r Sorrows, a subject of the King of Great Britain, residing at Birkenhead, in the county of Chester, England, has invented certain new and useful Improvements in Calorimeters, of which the following is aspecitication.

This invention relates to calorimeters Of thebomb type such as are employed to determine, by combustion, the caloritic value 'of fuel, and the object is to improve this type of calorimeter in respect to ;'--the clo- 'sure means, the ignition means, the means for controlling the supply of gas to support co1nbustion,and the shape and general arrangement whereby the maximum temperaturc of the surrounding liquid is reached in a much shorter time than is usually taken in apparatus of this class.

According to the invention the closure joint is made by a ring of rubber, rubber-V compound or the likev flexible material housed in a recess, and interposed between a seating on the shell and a seating on the cap, said seatings forming the annular faces of the recess, and the joints between t-he faces of the ring and the respective seatings being made by the pressure produced with the bomb when the gas is introduced and also when combustion takes place; when the cap has a socket or flange fitting over the spigoted open end of the shell, the one seat# ing is formed on the nose of the said spigot; when the open end of the shell is'socketed to taire a cap with a spigot, one of the said scatings is formed at the bottom' of the socket, andthe other is formed on the nose of the spigot carried by the cap; preferably the fac-.ings are serra-ted with concentricV ridges, and a thin cylindrical extension spigot is formed on the spigoted part or on thepart `in whichfthe recess is forn'iedor on both said. parts so as to constitute an inner enclosing wall of the recess and toprovidc a water seal. The capand shell are 'drawn together so as to Ilocate the said seatings at the desired axial distance apart, to bringtlie annular ends of the ring into contact with the respective seatings; and the ring is so shaped that 'when the interior of t'hegbomb subjected 'to pressure, the annular faces of the ring are forced lby 'the saidpr'essureinto jfointing contact with the said seatings.` y

1n the preferred form the shell is inverted,

Y the valued gas ccnn'ectien beinjgttted tothe solid upper end andan inverted cap fitting its lower open end. the closure joint being made as 'described by a ring interposed between the shell and the cap; the rods which carry thecrucibles and the fuse extending upwardly from the ,inner surface of the cap.

The .invention comprises constructional details as herein ldescribed and claimed.

I have illustrated my :invention in theaccompanying drawings, in which Fig. l is an elevation in longitudinal medial section. f

Fig. 2 is an outside elevation.

Fig. 3'is a plan.

Fig. l an invertedl plan. i

`Fig5 is av plan in section ony the line V, V of Fig. 1.

Fig. 6 is a view of the jointing ring to a larger scale.

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary view of the gas ignition valve of Fig. 1, lbut to a larger scale.v

Fig. 8 is a corresponding detail view of the valve spindle and spring.

Figs. 9 and 10 are detail views of the fuse connection thimbles.

' Fig. 11 is a fragmentary section to an enlarged scale of the end of the insulated crucible supporting rod, and

Fig. 12 is a section to an enlarged scale showing the recess into which the closure ring istted.

Fig. 13 is acorresponding part plan.

Fig. 14 shows the bomb in position in the calorimeter.

Fig. 15 shows a suitable stand for use when charging the apparatus, and

Fig. 16 is an elevation, in medial section, of a modification.`

Referring to Figs. 1 to 14g-'- al is thek bodyT or shell of the bomb which in the preferred form is arranged to be used with the openfend audits closing cap B, lowermost, the crueible'cbeing carried from the inside of the inverted cap, and thevgas valve connection being made at the'solid end 15,'\vl1ich is uppermost. y

In the arrangement illustrated in Figs'. 1 teil4, the joint between the cap B and the shell A is'made as follows The sli-ell A (see particularly Figs. 12, 13) is `provided withY a shoulder (1,1, thecuter periphery of the shell, beyond the .sl1oulder`, being screw-threz'idc'd as at a2 to'take the v.corr@spending screw-thread b2 formedon the interim* et the flange -b et the can B;

lll)

Y beyond the thread a? the nose of the shell is f flexible material, and is preferably of U- shaped cross-section (see Fig. '6) and itis Vlocated in the cap, its lower 'lace 01 rest-V ing Ion the serrated tace b4, and its cylindrical sidec2 Apressing` against the Yinterior surfaceof the ftlange of the-cap; the 'nose-of the-inverted shell Afis thenscrewed into 'the cap until the A'face of :thefshoulder al is, by a hand :grip'pressed lhome `on to fthe corre spending tace of the cap, the :cap being` conveniently -zh'eld fby hand, vor-in a fixed standsuch as P (seeFig. 15)(5; vthese'ii'ac'-e'cl yfacing a" then presseson vthe upper -Vtace c? vof gthe ring "C5 Vcoin'p'ressing' the latter to the desired extent between the yfacings a and b4; 'the *face c1" and ci 'ot the ring 'C may be slightly inclined to each other as shown in F-ig. e

Prior to vPinal--inffg `the djiiitfin the nie-nner described, y'the ginterior 'of the cap is hanged Wtha small qi'iantitfy Iot' water, such 'is usuallyemployed to 'absorb' the acid 'fornied yduringcombustion; this sufli'e'es'to -rseal the end of thespiget, l@Ind Whenthe finteriorof the bomb issubj'ected to 'the usual pressures experienced some otthis avatejrdsV :forced past the nose el "the spigot` 'into the recess fin which the ezrin'g iCfis located;

No attempt is made to obtaintheiinal jointing pressure by 4fserewinggj fup, 'the amount et' 'screwing up y'needed being 'only just suiicient to cause the engageinerit -et' the-locating flange;4 Ehe actu: jointing'pressure between 'the -jointing su' faces 'of "the ring` and the fjointing 'surfaces 'of the Fshell and the cap being ensuredfbj/7 the piessure eaterted on the interior of 4the "'-U-shaped runr when the bon'ib isjcha'rged With-oxygen.

The 'ring (Z1 7in "'ivhich *the Crucible 'B is carried is prvided Awith 'a split lsleeve (Z2 which slides in frictio'nal'conta'ct on :an inswulatedfrod (E extending upwardly lfreni the cap C into 'tle body "of the "bomb, `"and is clamped by the nnte/3; "a *second parallel but'not insulated fred 5E A'is provided, and the fusible element is "attached Cattippesite ends to these respe "fe "rods `'so "that'adel pendent loop thereof 1is Ai the cruciblefthe vconnectifon between fthe en` t the fu-sible strip *aid the 'rodsf being lpreterde'ly inad'e b'ythre the-tusible' ip "tlifrouglitransverse 'liolesfor slots neai 'the 'tps the' respective rods,a lbontaet being ensured by ,ses

chaniferedfsleeves c2 which are slid on the respective rodsso that the ends of the lust ble strip 'F are gripped between the interiors of the sleeves and the respective rods; the cutting edge et the chainler is used to sever the strip in position from a reel ot strip.;

shell-is fitted a valve-controlled oxygen connection G-the bore g1 of which opens into the interior of the bom-b through an oblique sin-all bore an; the connection G is pro vided lwith *an easily accessible non-return valve g2, preerabhT :forined of an annulus ol rubber or the like carried on a suitable stein '93 which is pressed by a spring g4 so that the. annular valve tace is pressed into Contact with a depending` Yannular valve seating 4711 (carried vby the union tit ting H) both by' this spring' and the internal kgas pressure.

The bore *g1 is 4enlarged 'at 'g5 so as to forni a "shoulder 'gs lagainst which a bell shaped piece fg? engages as theafalve and spindle y'is inserted; the 'bell '.r/T is loosely mounted on the valve rod 'and -fis lretained thereon 'by the head 'LK/S of the rod; the spring :lf/'1 is interposed betnfeen the bell f/7 and the valve g2; the lvalve 'seating 71,1v

screwed or otherwise secured into lthebere 7b2 of the union fitting H, which in turn takes 'the coned litting 7a3 vconnected to the oxygen supply a'ndjointed to the litt-ing' H b v 'the ynut z". lVh'en the valve, lthe spindle,'tbe spring and the `bell are inserted in -tb' e bore g5 oit 'the connection G, 'the serV rated edgjeof the vbell engages with the s-houlderef/"f 'so that when the union yfitting H lwith ythe valve yseating is screwed into position, theV spring g4 is compressed and exerts an initial closing pressure between the valve"andthe seating. The valve litting gis Vthus easilyY removable for cleaning)r and inspection.

In orderto 'withdraw the 'products et combustion, alter lthe test vhas been -inade or' 'tor'estimation and analysis, 'this can be ac cen'lplished after the connection /H has been frejnoved, through the valve connectio1'i."-tlie vallvc being,T opened 'by the insertion oi a lrod thrsughhthe bore ft2, suitable p'rovisiini being inade yto ,lead the gas yto be Witlix'drut-vn to 'a 'suitable container. l pre,- 'er hoiveuer 'to Y'provide an 'separate litting K fini' ythis purpose; this fitting; is 'provided ivithavalve "/ll hldafgainst seating -'l by the '*serenethreaded .glaird 7e3., which, Xvlie'n it is desired @to Withdrawthe 4pi-'edc'uts "of coinbustioin'is serewed back to perH init the @as to pass through an outlet as required. VLealage 'is ,.p'i'evented b5: a rubber z 'orflille apa cking 'ring 7&5.

Thenpjer 'portion 'el "the shell 4is VJfree from pro'jeetions 'and 'inlay be `Vprovided Vwith eueireling agitator bj;

Lacasse the operation of which a ready transfer of heat from the shell to the liquid is ensured, thus reducing the time interval between firing and the attainmentof maximum temperatnre of. the waterr in the'calorimeter. The shell and cap are preferably made of stainless steel but ordinary steel suit-ably plated, or'enamelled, or lined with platinum may be employed. y

. The underside of' the cap is usually fitted with three insulated supporting legs. In the example illust-rated the rod E is flanged as atc3 and passes through an insulating bush et fitted with insulating` washers c5 andheld in place by afmetal nut e having `aplunger-like extension el pressed outwardly lby the spring` es, so that when'the calorimeter restson the three feet I fitted with insulators il, the contact .c7 makes' electrical contact with'the Ymet-alof the water calorimeter O (seeF-ig. 14) so' `that when one terminal of the battery M is connected to lthe calorimeter O and the other is connected to `the `metal body of the bomb, theV circuit is completed to the fuse F.

In using the appliance the cap B may be conveniently fitted on the fixed stand l?, the crucible D containing the substance'to be tested and the fuse F loeinp,v fixed in proper position. A small quantity of water is added to the interior of the cap so as to seal the flange as, and to absorb the acid elements of the products of combustion, and

the shell is screwed into place; the apparatus is then placed in the calorimeter O and the electric circuit is made by closing a switch such as m1, whereupon Vcombustion takes place, and as the exterior of the calorimeter is practically composed of plane and cylindrical. surfaces the heat generated is transferred to the water in the calorimeter in a comparatively short time thus minimizing losses due to radiation, the process being aided by vertical movement imparted to the stirrers 01, y

The invention is applicable to the usual. type of bomb calorimeter as shown in Fig. 16, in which the shell A Vis `used with the open end uppermost, the Crucible being' carried from the inner and under side of the cap B by rodskIl2 and E3, the latter of which is insulated fromtthe cap and forms one of the terminals `for the electrical attachment. f

The closure between the body A and the cap B is effected substantially as described by means of the ring; C fitted in a recess (D, formed between the body and the cap. The bounding outer wall of the recess Q, is the inner cylindrical interior portion of the socket al formed at the open end of the shell A, the end of the socket being screwed asiat@11 to take the screw threads Z910 formed on the spigot portionv Z211 of the cap B. This spigot has a serrated face Z112 and the pipe 'q1V is fitted, the upper end of which passes through the spigot portion Zim, and the lower end of which 1s carried nearly to the. bottomof the shell A so that some of the water with which the shell'is charged is, when the interior is subjected to pressure, forced up `through the pipe Q1 intothe recess Q. v v Y In. other respects the bomb illustrated in Fig. '16 may be constructed as describedin connection with Figs. l to lll except that the connections H and K arevfitted tothe cap l 1B instead of to the solid end of the shell as in the modification first described.

' TheV ydetails of construction may be modi-y fied and rings of suitable sections other than that illustrated may be employed.

What I claim as my invention and desire to secure by vLetters Patent is l. In a calorimeter of the bomb type in combinations-an open ended containing shell; a seating formed at the open end of the shell; a cap adapted to close the open end of the shell; a seating formed on the interior surface `of the cap; attachment means between the cap and the shell adapted to hold the capl in closed position with the twosaid seatings in definite relationship; a flexible ring adapted tomalse contactwith the two respective seatings when the cap is in its closing positionso that'when the interior of the bomb surface is subjected to -pressure the rinfgis pressed ontothe seatings; mea-nsfor admitting gas to the in-k nite -ielationshi`pg a flexible ring', the oppo-V site end surfaces of which are adapted to malte contact with the respective seatings when the cap is in its closing position: means adapted to prevent the extension of the ring` in a radial direction so'that when its interior surface issubjected to pressure it expands in an axial direction; `means for admitting a gass to the interiorof the bomb;

means for supporting the substance to bey tested; andmeans for igniting the said substance.

3. In a calorimeter of the bomb ytype in combination-g-an open ended containing' shell; anannular seating formed at the open end ot the shell.; a cap adapted to closethe` which make contact With the respective anv nular seatings .When the cap is in its closing position; an annular recess 'formed in l`the interior surface oLt the flexible ring', means adapted to prevent the extension of the ring' in a radial direction, so that when its interior surface issubjccted to pressure'it eX- pands in an axial direction; means for admitting Lgas to the vinterior of the bomb; means for supporting the substance to be tested; and means for ignitina' the said substance.

il. In apparatus as claimed in claim i. the open end of the shell being provided with a recess` the shell sea-ting beine' located at the end ot' said recess.

5. In apparatus as claimed in claim l, the

interiorsurface .of the cap having a recess therein, the cap seating being' located at the cnd of said recess.

6. Inapparatus as claimed in claim l. .the open end of the shell being' provided with a recess, the shell seating being located in said recess, the interioi' surface of the cap lbeing' also provided with a recess, the cap seating' beine' located at the end of said last Vmentioned recess.

7. In apparatus as claimed in claim l, the open end oi the shell bein-g' provided with a recess, the Ishell seating' being' located in said recess, the `interior surface ot the cap being` also provided with -a recess, the cap seatingr being' located at the end et said-flast nicntioncd recess, and means connecting' the interiors of the said recesses 'with the lower cud ot the space enclosedivithin .the calo riniicter-so that aliquid enclosed Within the said space .is when pressiuve is generated within the said space 'forced into the said recesses.

S. In a calorimeter oft the bomb 't5/"pe, in cen-ibi'nation;--arn open Vended containing' sbcl'l; a seating' formed at the open `end ot the shell .acap ladapted to closeztlieopen end of Athe shelll said cap :bein-.q inverted A'to form a `:base `tor :the inverted shell: a seating' 'formed on .the interior surface of the cap; attachment 'mea-nsbetween :the cap and the shell :adapted :when the cap closes 'the Aopen end of 'the shell .to bring' the 'two 'said scatings 'into vdefinite .axial relationship; .antiekiblc ringe; the opposite vend surfaces ol which make `contact with the respective 'seatingrs when the cap is in its closing position; means adaptedto prevent the extension of the ring in a radial direction so that When its interior surface is subjected to pressure it expands in an axial direction; a port 'formed in the upper closed end of the shell for admitting' gas; means carried bv the shell for controlling' the admission ot' s aid gras; means tor carrying the substance to be tested; and means for isgniting` the said substance; both said means being` carried from the cap.

9. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim 8,

an external screw thread onthe open end of the shell` a flange on the cap having a corresponding interior screw thread, a shoulder on the shell .against which the end facing of the flange of the cap abuts and so limits the screuvon motion and `determines the axial distance apart ot the Said ys eatings.

l0. Ina calorimeter as claimed in claim 8, the inner surface of the rflexible :ring be? ing proif'ided with an annular reces".

il. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim S, the interior Wall of the recess Vfor the scating in the end of the shell having a flange extending' to Vwithin a short distance ot the interior surface ofthe c ap.

12. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim t3, the diameter ot' the shell being' reduced at the end to torni the seating' at the open end ot' the shell, ,the end of the shell baving' a :dange, extending' to within a shout distance of :the intcrionsuriace of the cap, and the surface oft' which prevents the extension of tbclti-exible ring Yin a radial direction bcingl on the interior surface of a Hanged portion .of `the cap.

13. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim S, vthe seating .in the cap at the bottom ot an annular recess being formed in the interior surface of the cap.

lele. In a l calorimeter as claimed in claim S, the seating for the flexible ring being` L:rreoved so as to form a series .of circumferential ridges adapted to en-age the end surface of the ring.

l5. vIn a calorimeter' ,as claimed in claim 1 means it'or Acontrolling the admi. ion ot the 1g/as Yfor supporting' combustion, con'lprising ;a valve with an annular face lixcd to a valic spindle, a bel-l shaped fitting adapted to slide on the said spindle, a spring tor the value interposed `laitu'cenfthe :b cll shaped litting' andthe valve, 4a fbore leading,A `to the interior ofiT the -calori n, 1eter, la shoulder in the bore to engage the bell shaped llitti-ng, a screWft-lrreadedpart of the boite to take a .screwed spigot carrying ,a .-ial-ve seating, and a connection fitted to the bore ot' the said seating.

1G. In 'a calorimeter' 4as claimed -in claim S, means toradmittng gas to theinterior of the bore, comprising -a .sleeve screwed into lit) the closed upper end of the bomb, the bore of the sleeve communicating With the interior of the bore, a valve With anr annular :face Vtired to a valve spindle, a bell shaped iitting adapted to slide on the said spindle, a spring lor the `valve interposed between the bell shaped fitting and the valve, a screwed spigot carrying the valve seating adapted to screw in the screw-threaded upper end of the bore of the sleeve, and gas connections attached to the said spigot 17. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim 8, means for carrying the substance to be tested and for carrying a fuse Wire to ignite the substance, comprising two supporting rods one electrically insulated from and the other electrically connected to the cap, a crucible adjustably carried on one of the said rods, openings in the ends of said rods adapted to take the ends of the Jfuse Wire, and loosely fitting sleeves having chamfered edges and adapted to be slid over the ends of the rods.

18. In a calorimeter as claimed in claim 8, the upper end of the inverted shell of the separate valve controlled passage, being provided with an exit for the products Ofcombustion.

19. In combination with the elements claimed in claim 17, a metallic vessel adapted to contain water in Which the bomb is adapted to be immersed, three insulating feet on the inverted cap adapted to rest on the bottom of the vessel, a spring electrical connection to the insulating rod supporting the Crucible adapted to make metallic contact with the vessel, a source of potential one end of Which is electrically connected to the bomb and the other end ot' which is electrically connected to the vessel.

20. In combination With the elements claimed in claim 19, a stand adapted to hold the inverted cap and having recesses to take the three feet and the spring connection to the insulated rod.

In testimony whereof I set my hand.

GEORGE ERNEST SCHOLES. 

